Background and Aims: Visual PERCEPTION disorders are one of the most important deficits in individuals with stroke that causes limitation in daily living activities and learning self-maintenance skills and balance. The present study aimed to compare the visual PERCEPTION, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and DEPTH PERCEPTION among three groups of healthy persons and right and left sided stroke pateints. Materials and methods: A total of 31 individuals with stroke (16 left sided and 15 right sided) and 16 healthy persons participated in the present study. Freiburg Vision Test software was used for assessing visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. DEPTH PERCEPTION Peg Board Set test and Developmental Test of Visual PERCEPTION-Adolescence and Adult test were used to assess DEPTH PERCEPTION and visual PERCEPTION, respectively. Results: The analysis of visual PERCEPTION, DEPTH PERCEPTION, visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity using ANOVA revealed that there are significant differences among the three groups (p<0. 05). Furthermore, with contrast sensitivity as a covariance, analyzed by MANOVA, it was shown that there was a significant difference among the three groups with both eyes (p<. 0/05). Conclusion: Patients with stroke, in comparison with healthy persons, have difficulties in visual PERCEPTION, DEPTH PERCEPTION, visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity, but there is no difference between left sided and right sided stroke.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of peripheral and central fatigues on DEPTH PERCEPTION error in students. The statistical population consisted of students in Khodabande city. 42 subjects (mean age of 16. 88 ± 0. 49 years) were selected by convenience sampling method. All subjects took DEPTH PERCEPTION pretest. Then, they were divided into the intervention and control groups. To produce peripheral fatigue (physical), the first group received physical fitness activity and the second group received mental activity to produce central (mental) fatigue. The third group did not perform any activity during the intervention period. The DEPTH PERCEPTION posttest was performed after the fatigue intervention. The results of one-way analysis of variance showed no significant differences in the pretest among the groups, but there was a significant difference in the posttest among the groups. LSD post hoc test results showed that central fatigue increased DEPTH PERCEPTION error in comparison with peripheral fatigue and no intervention (control group). But no significant differences were observed in DEPTH PERCEPTION error between peripheral fatigue and control groups. Paired t test results showed an increase in DEPTH PERCEPTION errors resulted from both types of fatigue and the lack of change in the control group. Overall, it can be concluded that central fatigue had an effective role in increasing students' DEPTH PERCEPTION error when compared to peripheral error. Therefore, coaches are advised to adopt appropriate conditions that reduce central fatigue.

Background: Subjective weight PERCEPTION significantly impacts overall health and is influenced by various factors. This study aims to develop predictive models using anthropometric indices to estimate subjective weight PERCEPTION in women. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study involved a random sample of 287 women, aged 18-45, with a body mass index (BMI), ranging from 18. 5 to 40. 0 kg/m2 who were referred to a nutrition clinic in Ardabil city between May and September 2023.   Weight, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body adipocyte index (BAI), abdominal volume index (AVI), and conicity index (CI) were measured using standardized procedures. Subjective weight was assessed using a subscale of the Multidimensional Body Self-Relation Questionnaire. Regression analysis was employed to develop prediction models. Results: The predictive equation for subjective weight was 2. 548 + (-0. 303 × weight in kg) + (0. 089 × BMI in kg/m2) + (27. 773 × WHR) + (1. 032 × WC in cm) + (-109. 256 × WHR) + (0. 540 × BAI in %) + (-0. 260 × AVI in m2) + (-39. 423 × CI in m3/2kg− 1/2). The model accounted for 78. 50% of the variance and significantly predicted subjective weight PERCEPTION (F (8, 279) = 104. 604, and p < 0. 001). Weight, WHR, WC, WHtR, BAI, and CI significantly contributed to the model (p < 0. 05). Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of considering multiple anthropometric indices to understand individual differences in subjective weight PERCEPTION. This understanding will be essential for developing more effective approaches to overall health.

Background and Objectives: The severest form of thalassemia is beta thalassemia with regular need for blood transfusion and medical care. Treatments such as desferrioxamine injection and regular blood transfusion cause several complications in patients' vital organs including eyes. The vision is considerably more sensitive than other senses in perceptual-motor responses and it is also sensitive to details, DEPTH, and color. As a result, it has a decisive role in controlling movement. This study has been conducted to draw a comparison of DEPTH PERCEPTION in healthy adolescents and patients with thalassemia major.Materials and Methods: This method is semi-experimental and the sample was 18 thalassemic patients and 18 healthy subjects within the age range of 13-17 years (15.33±1.37) who were selected through sampling. These subjects have been evaluated three times by the DEPTH PERCEPTION device made by the researchers; it has the capability to assess the DEPTH PERCEPTION with the smallest error (one ten thousandth cm). The average of these three time tests was used as DEPTH PERCEPTION score.Results: Independent T-test results showed significant difference between healthy adolescents and patients with thalassemia major (t=-18.52, p£0.0001, df=34). The average error in the healthy adolescents was significantly lower (MD=14.01).Conclusions: The probable reasons that affect the loss of DEPTH PERCEPTION in thalassemia major were anemia, chronic hypoxia, inactivity or increased iron deposition in tissues of the eye. It requires a solution in this regard due to the importance of DEPTH PERCEPTION in human motor behavior.

We conducted this study in the Agogo Traditional Area of the Ashanti region of Ghana where there are numerous cases of conflicts between crop and animal farmers as a result of insufficient pasture for livestock, especially during the dry seasons. This has drawn the attention of various stakeholders in agriculture to the need for supplement feed through pasture establishment. The study examines farmers’ PERCEPTION and the financial viability of pasture establishment for small ruminant production. The specific objectives of the study are as follow: to identify the cost and returns for the establishment of an acre of pasture, to assess the financial viability of pasture establishment on ‘cut and sell’ basis, to investigate farmers’ PERCEPTION of pasture establishment for cattle production, to conduct a SWOT analysis of the establishment of pasture in Agogo. The study purports to analyze in detail, farmers' PERCEPTIONs about the nature of the proposed 'Fodder Bank' policy and its likely effect on crop and livestock production, and whether the proposed policy could generate adequate monetary returns to induce its adoption at the farm level. The study seeks to provide evidence in support of SDG goals 2 (Zero hunger) and 12 (Responsible consumption and production) of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. To the authors' best of knowledge, this is envisage to provide valuable information to support policy initiatives intended to tackle the root cause of farmer-herder conflicts. The Asante Akim North Municipal is one of the 27 administrative Districts in the Ashanti Region. Its capital is Konongo- Odumasi. The population for this study comprises livestock and crop farmers in Agogo. Asante Akim North Municipal was purposively selected for the study because it is noted for its agrarian abilities and massive production of food in the Ashanti region. The multi stage sampling was employed in this study. At the first stage, Asante Agogo traditional area was selected purposively due to the fact that majority of the inhabitants engage in agricultural activities (GSS 2010). At the second stage, three communities in Agogo namely, Hwidiem, Ananekrom and Bebuso were selected purposively. At the third stage, quota sampling was used to obtain a specific number of farmers from each of the three communities to sum up to 150 respondents as shown in table. Simple random sampling technique was then used to engage the selected farmers in these communities. A sample size of 150 respondents were obtained using the Slovin’s formulae which is a scientific method of obtaining the sample size for a given population. Structured questionnaires consisting of open and close ended questions were used to gather primary data from respondents through face-to-face interviews. Interviews were conducted using the local dialect mostly to enhance communication and to clear all language barriers but English was used where the respondents could give accurate answers in English Language. Data per the questionnaires from respondents were concerning their PERCEPTION of pasture establishment and the assessment of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of pasture establishment. Secondary data was sought from books, journals, dissertations and the internet. Useful and relevant information on the appropriate materials and their costs for establishing pasture was also obtained from the Agogo MoFA office, and the KNUST Department of Animal Science. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, tables and means were used to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of respondents. It was revealed in the study that majority of crop farmers have had their crops destroyed by ruminants especially cattle at least once. Additionally, the study showed that pasture establishment is one way through which crop farms destruction by livestock can be prevented as about 99% of farmers responded in the affirmative. The results for the financial viability of the venture under the assumptions used gave relevant results with BCR of 1.18 and NPV of GHC 3,160. The Internal Rate Return of the venture is estimated at 40.1% and a Pay Back period of 2.61 years. Therefore, it will be economically prudent for investors to commit resources towards establishing pasture. The PERCEPTION index for commercial, economic and financial concerns of pasture establishment was 3.7 which is skewed toward agree. The statement that had the highest positive PERCEPTION index was about the fact that pasture establishment will increase the quality of meat. This implies that respondents perceive that the commercial, economic and financial results of pasture establishment will be positive. The PERCEPTION index for the social category was 3.66. The statement with the highest positive assertion by respondents is the fact that pasture establishment will help control the movement of animals. The PERCEPTION index of 3.66 which is skewed towards agree means that pasture establishment will attract the support from the community and also bring more benefits to the society. In the category of technical concerns of pasture establishment, the overall PERCEPTION index for this category is 3.15, which means that the respondents perceive they have a fair technical know- how concerning pasture establishment even though the venture requires technical know-how. In the category of institutional concerns, support and involvement in pasture establishment, the statement with the highest PERCEPTION index is that MoFA will support farmers with the necessary resources in its capacity. With reference to the chi-square test, the study can conclude that there is a significant relationship between the type of farmer and the PERCEPTION that support can be drawn from farmer-based associations, and the PERCEPTION that pasture establishment will increase livestock production as well as the general sales of farmers. Lastly, the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between the educational background of the farmer and the PERCEPTION that it is not difficult to select planting materials for pasture establishment. Farmers in Asante Akim Agogo should adopt the establishment of pasture since it is financially viable. The establishment of pasture in Asante Akim Agogo should be encouraged since it has the potency to reduce the farmer - herder conflicts and ensure food security. For successful pasture establishment, technical know-how is essential.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of increasing arousal and its effect on athletes' DEPTH PERCEPTION. Participants of this study included the students of Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences. 58 students (23 female and 35 male, mean age: 23.3 and SD: 2.16) were selected randomly. Participants performed the study tests under two motivational conditions (with viewer and without viewer). The sport competitive anxiety test (SCAT) was performed to test the level of participants' arousal. Moreover, the instrument to test DEPTH PERCEPTION was the electrical set of DEPTH PERCEPTION (122B). Results of paired t-test showed a significant difference in scores of DEPTH PERCEPTION test between the two motivational conditions at 0.05. In other words, participants in high arousal condition (i.e. with viewer) had an inaccurate estimation of DEPTH PERCEPTION. This effect was the same in both sexes. The results of this study indicated that novice athletes in high arousal condition pay attention to different information resources or different peripheral cues which lead to inaccurate estimation of DEPTH.

Background: The present study aimed to explore the effect of motor independent and dependent visual PERCEPTION practices on dynamic visual acuity and DEPTH PERCEPTIONs among children aged 7-8 years.Material and Methods One hundred and seven primary school students were randomly selected through purposive sampling and divided into two experimental groups (visual PERCEPTION exercises dependent vs independent to movement) and a control group. Experimental subjects were trained for six weeks and each week constituted three 45-minute sessions suited for their own planned training sessions. Analysis of Variance analysis (ANOVA) for within and between-group and Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests were used to analyze the DEPTH and dynamic visual acuity PERCEPTION respectively.Results The results indicated that motor independent and dependent training had improved the components of DEPTH PERCEPTION and dynamic visual acuity in children aged 7-8 years, but there was no significant difference between these two training methods.Conclusion This conformed movement Pyne & Issac’s hypothesis (2005), which stated that the important issue in the development and adjustment of visual perceptual components is not an individual's movement, but selective attention to moving objects.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of music types on DEPTH PERCEPTION during fatigue. Statistical population consisted of female students of Faculty of Physical Education at University of Tehran. 45 subjects (mean age 23. 3 ± 2. 16 years) voluntarily participated in this study. Participants were divided into three groups: slow music, fast music and control. Initially, all subjects participated in the pretest of DEPTH PERCEPTION using DEPTH PERCEPTION apparatus. Then, they received a similar exercise until reaching the threshold of exhaustion. After reaching fatigue, their error of DEPTH PERCEPTION was reassessed. Then, participants were asked to listen to the music specific to each group for 3 minutes in order to assess the effect of music on their DEPTH PERCEPTION during fatigue. Their DEPTH PERCEPTION was immediately measured as the posttest. Analysis of variance with repeated measures and one-way analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. The results showed that fast music did not significantly change DEPTH PERCEPTION error (P=0. 602), but slow music significantly reduced this error (P=0. 006).

This paper proposes a novel method for DEPTH PERCEPTION based on the performance of the human eye in the landing phase navigation of a fixed-wing aircraft. The proposed system is designed for situations where visibility is limited, there is no necessary infrastructure at the airport or navigation instruments that have problems and provide incorrect information. The inertial measurement unit and digital elevation model data are integrated to estimate the position of the aircraft and simulate the landing area at more than 200 feet. Reducing the height to 200 feet, the forward-looking infrared camera data is added to the system input. So, the environment map is updated in real-time in landing. At this stage, to DEPTH PERCEPTION, accommodation cue of the human eye is added to the simulation. In this study, the post-rendering Gaussian method to implement DEPTH of field is used. Simulation results evaluated by using the standard of quality measurement of the visual system of flight simulation training devices and the results confirm the accuracy of the proposed method in terms of resolution, the field of view, frame per second and latency.